“Design for Technology”   •• Service connections: minimize spaghetti • Hoods: horizontal and vertical openings • Material flow and storage • Entry (safety) zone (neither lab or office)     “Environmental Sustainability” A typical laboratory currently uses five times as much energy and water per square foot as a typical office building.       Containment Design   •• Potent Compound   • Steroids/Estrogens   • Bio Hazard   • Isolators/Glove Boxes   • Facility Design   • Hazop Practices   (Microgram & Nanogram levels)   “Social Buildings” that foster interaction and team-based research;   • • Ambiance & convenience of coffee & social interaction areas   • Economy (cost) of material   • Allow for growth within spaces       Laboratory Expertise • Programming and Planning – generic/specialty • Discovery Research / Research and Development • Wet Labs/ Dry Labs • Flexible Layouts / Flexible Work Centers – fixed/mobile • Quality Control / Wet Chemistry / Analytical • Biotechnology / Product Development / QA • ISO Classes ( 1-5 ) • Bio Hazard Laboratories (BL-2, BL-3) • Radio Isotope • Sustainability   • "Open" and "Closed" Labs     The following are some lab design guidelines to consider: Code Minimum Requirements Parameter Value Source Standard Design Target Ventilation 20 cfm/person ASHRAE 62/89 same Maximize outdoor air by using displacement ventilation Deliver air low/ exhaust high Filtration none   35-80% 65% pre-filter 85% final filter Indoor Design Temperature 75F summer 72F winter   same   Humidity Control NA     50% RH summer 40% RH winter Equipment Heat Dissipation NA   3-4W/ sf 1.5W/ sf or 2W/ sf with 75% diversity factor Toilet Exhaust 50cfm/ fixture ASHRAE 62/89 same 2 cfm/ sf Lighting Power Loads NA   2W/ sf All direct 0.5-0.75W/ sf Total task/ ambient with Occupancy sensors & Daylight sensors Lighting Loads 100 ft candles   same 20-30 ft candles with Ambient and task lighting Building Shell Infiltration 6 /100 sf ASHRAE 3 /100 sf 1.5 /100 sf (Canadian Standard) Building Shell Infiltration (alternate) 0.80 cfm/ sf   0.30 cfm/ sf 0.10 cfm/ sf Exterior Wall Insulation U= 0.28 btu/ sf-hr F BOCA Energy Code U=0.10 btu U= 0.15 btu/ sf-hr South U=0.05 btu/ sf-hr N,E, W Exterior Wall Moisture Control       A/B-With insulation both sides Roof Insulation U= 0.07 btu/ sf-hr BOCA Energy Code U=0.05 btu/ sf-hr U= 0.05 btu/ sf-hr with low surfacing Windows         Glazing type single/ clear   double/ clear heat reflecting clear Visible transmittance 0.80 0.78 0.70   Shading Coefficient 1.00 0.80 0.43   U value 1.04 0.48 0.30   Heating Degree Days 6,155 btu ASHRAE same determined by DOE2 analysis of TMY data     Fume Hoods Many factors must be considered when choosing the right laboratory fume hood, including how the hood will be used and how its placement affects its laboratory design. Worker safety and containment performance are of primary importance. Secondary considerations should be energy consumption and the cost to install, operate and maintain the hoods and supporting HVAC systems. The following must be carefully considered when making an informed decision regarding fume hood selection: • How many hoods does the project require? The greater the number of hoods, the stronger the argument for choosing a high performance hood that operates on the lowest air volume (assuming safe containment). The average 6' laboratory fume hood uses as much energy as the average American home in a year. One hood in a lab will not likely affect HVAC system size, and a conventional hood may be adequate and cost less. However, reducing the air volume required on 100 or 200 hoods can have a drastic affect on the sizing of the HVAC system, and reducing the size of the system could literally save millions of dollars. • What face velocity should be the basis of design? Requirements and codes vary throughout the country. What is necessary to provide maximum containment and safety? Is there a specific face velocity required, and if so, is it worth the time and expense of pursuing a variance to try to have a lesser velocity approved by the code enforcement officials? Again, the more hoods, the more potential for cost savings through reduced air volume. High performance fume hoods are demonstrating better performance and containment at less air volume and face velocity. Subsequent energy efficiency and operating costs will save owners money, and they may be safer than conventional hoods. Many things affect hood performance. Even the safest fume hoods can spill and expose workers if other factors are not carefully considered, including: • Proper placement in the laboratory and proper design of the space. • Cross drafts caused by the HVAC supply air system—proper placement, flow volume,   and balance of the room. • Proximity to opening/closing doors. • Possible fluctuations in room pressure. • Traffic in front of the hood. • Equipment and its proper placement within the hood. • Nature of hazardous materials to be used in the hood. • Filtering, "scrubbing," and/or proper dilution of chemical concentrations in the air stream exhausted from the hood. EH&S staff and qualified professionals should determine the best hood for each application and how the supporting HVAC system is designed, since the fume hood is an important component of a properly designed HVAC system. The potential safety, reliability, and energy-savings benefits can only be the result of the entire system and building working together well as a whole.   Combination Sashes The combination sash, or dual sash, is a relatively new design that is being installed in many labs today. Exhaust air is reduced as much as 40% (compared to the traditional vertical or horizontal sash)—up to 500 cfm for a 6 ft hood—with a resulting reduction of energy requirements. The horizontal sliding panels can serve as face and body shields. The vertical sash can be raised during setup to provide full access to the hood interior at reduced face velocity. Though more cost-effective over the long run, the initial cost of the combination sash is slightly higher than that of either the vertical or horizontal sash. It must also be noted that some researchers do not feel comfortable working with the combination sash.   *** RELEVANT CODES AND STANDARDS ***   The following agencies and organizations have developed codes and standards    affecting the design of research laboratories. Note that the codes and standards     are minimum requirements. Architects, engineers, and consultants should consider    exceeding the applicable requirements whenever possible.       29 CFR 1910.1450: OSHA—Occupational Exposures to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories      ANSI/AIHA—American National Standard Z9.5 for Laboratory Ventilation      Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) Standards      Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and        Prevention and National Institutes of Health—Biosafety in Microbiological and         Biomedical   Laboratories, 4th Edition, 1999.      Department of Veterans Affairs—Research Laboratory Design Guide      Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service, P100 by the General Services       Administration (GSA).      ISEA Z358.1—Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment      National Institutes of Health—NIH Design Policy and Guidelines      National Institutes of Health (NIH)—Guidelines for the Laboratory Use of Chemical       Carcinogens, Pub. No. 81-2385      NFPA 30—Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code      NFPA 45—Fire Protection for Laboratories using Chemical     Space Guidelines Benchmarking labs can be done by calculating the ELF (equivalent linear footage of bench) factor. Typically, the ELF is based on anything that occupies floor area in the lab, such as casework, equipment, and storage. Today's concern for safety and environmental protection dictates the basic minimum allocation for an organic chemist's benchtop as being no less than 20 ELF. The space consists of 8 feet of fume hood, 8 feet of bench, 2 feet of sink and 2 feet of refrigerator/freezer. A biologist, on the other hand, needs far less fume hood space but has a significantly greater need for ancillary equipment such as refrigerators, incubators, centrifuges, and environmental rooms. Therefore, an individual biologist's bench needs can easily exceed 30 ELF. The following values and square footages are drawn from the May 2000 issue of Earl Wall Associates' quarterly Laboratory. The numbers are typical for the kind of research being conducted but may vary considerably depending on individual research efforts.   ELF Values Per Person Per Discipline (Without Animal, Greenhouse, and Pilot Areas) Laboratory Type ELF Value Organic chemistry 24-28 Physical chemistry 24-33 Instrumental analytical chemistry 33-41 Microbiological and immunological 20-31 Net Lab Square Footage Per Person According to the Preceding ELF Values (Based on a 10'-6" Wide Module) Laboratory Type Net Lab Square Footage per Person Organic chemistry 126-147 Physical chemistry 126-173 Instrumental analytical chemistry 173-215 Microbiological and immunological 103-163   Definitions: Laboratory - means a facility where the "laboratory use of hazardous chemicals" occurs. It is a workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a non-production basis. Laboratory scale - means work with substances in which the containers used for reactions, transfers, and other handling of substances are designed to be easily and safety manipulated by one person. "Laboratory scale" excludes those workplaces whose function is to produce commercial quantities of materials. Laboratory-type hood - means a device located in a laboratory, enclosure on five sides with a movable sash or fixed partial enclosed on the remaining side; constructed and maintained to draw air from the laboratory and to prevent or minimize the escape of air contaminants into the laboratory; and allows chemical manipulations to be conducted in the enclosure without insertion of any portion of the employee's body other than hands and arms. Walk-in hoods with adjustable sashes meet the above definition provided that the sashes are adjusted during use so that the airflow and the exhaust of air contaminants are not compromised and employees do not work inside the enclosure during the release of airborne hazardous chemicals. Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals - means handling or use of such chemicals in which all of the following conditions are met: (i) Chemical manipulations are carried out on a "laboratory scale;" (ii) Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used; (iii) The procedures involved are not part of a production process, nor in any way simulate a production process; and (iv) "Protective laboratory practices and equipment" are available and in common use to minimize the potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.